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snow white

Snow White

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This article is about the traditional fairy tale. For the Disney character, see Snow White (Disney). For other uses, see Snow White (disambiguation).
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Snow White

SnowWhite.png
Snow White in her coffin, Theodor Hosemann, 1852
Folk tale

Name: Snow White
Data
Aarne-Thompson Grouping: 709
Country: Germany
Related: "Bella Venezia"
"Myrsina"
"Nourie Hadig"
"The Young Slave"
"Gold-Tree and Silver-Tree"
and "The Jealous Sisters"
"Snow White" is a German fairy tale known across much of Europe. The best known is a German version collected by the Brothers Grimm in 1812 as German: Schneewittchen und die sieben Zwerge, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (or Dwarves). The German version features such elements as the magic mirror, the poisoned apple, the glass coffin, and the seven dwarfs, who were first given individual names in the Broadway play Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1912) and then given different names in Walt Disney's 1937 film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The Grimm story, which is commonly referred to as "Snow White", should not be confused with the story of "Snow White and Rose Red", another fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm (in German "Schneeweißchen", rather than "Schneewittchen").
In the Aarne-Thompson folklore classification, tales of this kind are grouped together as type 709, Snow White. Others of this kind include "Bella Venezia", "Myrsina", "Nourie Hadig" and "Gold-Tree and Silver-Tree".[1]

Contents

Story outline

Snow White loses her way in the forest (illustrations of Franz Jüttner, 1905-1910)
The seven dwarfs find Snow White asleep
The Queen asks the magic mirror
The dwarfs warn Snow White
The Queen rejoices after Snow White consumes the poisoned apple
The Prince and Snow White's awakening
The Queen arrives at the wedding
The English translation of the definitive edition of the Grimms' Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Berlin 1857), tale number 53, is the basis for the English translation by D. L. Ashliman.[2]
Once upon a time, as a Queen sits sewing at her window, she pricks her finger on her needle and three drops of blood fall on the snow that had fallen on her ebony window frame. As she looks at the blood on the snow, she says to herself, "Oh, how I wish that I had a daughter that had skin white as snow, lips red as blood, and eyes black as ebony". Soon after that, the Queen gives birth to a baby girl who has skin white as snow, lips red as blood, and hair black as ebony. They name her Snow White, and soon after, the Queen dies. In Grims Tales she has blonde (gold) hair. It says: "Güldenes Haar, Lippen so rot wie Blut, Haut so weiß wie Schnee und Augen so schwarz wie Ebenholz" -> "Golden hair, lips as red as blood, skin as white like snow and eyes as black as ebony." At this time it was fashionable fo women to habve large black eyes. After Disney made it black hair, the image of Snow-White changed.
Soon after, the King takes a new wife, who is beautiful but also very vain. The new Queen possesses a mirror, an animate object that answers any question, to whom she often asks: "Magic mirror on the wall / Who is the fairest of them all?" (German: "Spieglein, Spieglein, an der Wand / Wer ist die Schönste im ganzen Land?"; Portuguese: "Espelho, espelho meu , existe alguém mais bela do que eu?"; Italian "Specchio, servo delle mie brame/ chi è la più bella di tutto il reame?"). The mirror always replies, "You, my Queen, are fairest of all." But, when Snow White reaches the age of seven, she becomes as beautiful as the day, and when the Queen asks her mirror, it responds: "Queen, you are full fair, it is true, but Snow White is fairer than you." In another version of the tale, the mirror simply replies: "Snow White is the fairest of them all."
The Queen becomes jealous and orders a huntsman to take Snow White into the woods to be killed. She demands as proof that Snow White is dead, he return with her lungs and liver (in other versions, it was her heart). The huntsman takes Snow White into the forest. After raising his knife, he finds himself unable to kill her as he has fallen deeply in love with her. Instead, he lets her go telling her to flee and hide from the Queen. He then brings the Queen the lungs and liver of a boar, which is prepared by the cook and eaten by the Queen.
In the forest, Snow White discovers a tiny cottage belonging to a group of seven Dwarfs, where she rests. There, the Dwarfs take pity on her, saying "If you will keep house for us, and cook, make beds, wash, sew, and knit, and keep everything clean and orderly, then you can stay with us, and you shall have everything that you want." They warn her to take care, to let no one in when they are away delving in the mountains. Meanwhile, the Queen asks her mirror once again, "Who is the fairest of them all?" She is horrified to learn that Snow White is not only alive and well, residing with Dwarfs, but is still the fairest of them all.
Three times, the Queen disguises herself and attempts to kill Snow White. First disguised as an old peddler, the Queen offers colourful stay-laces and laces them so tight that Snow White faints, causing the Queen to leave her for dead. However, Snow White revives when the Dwarfs loosen the laces. Next, the Queen dresses as a different old woman and brushes Snow White's hair with a poisoned comb. Snow White again faints but again is saved by the Dwarfs. Finally, the Queen makes a poisoned apple, and in the disguise of a farmer's wife, offers it to Snow White. She is hesitant to accept it, so the Queen cuts the apple in half, eating the white part and giving the poisoned red part to Snow White. She eagerly takes a bite and falls into a state of suspended animation. This time, the Dwarfs are unable to revive her, and assuming that she is dead, place her in a glass coffin.
Time passes, and a Prince traveling through the land sees Snow White. He strides to her coffin, and enchanted by her beauty, instantly falls in love with her. The Dwarfs succumb to his entreaties to let him have the coffin, and as his servants carry the coffin away, they stumble on some roots. This causes the piece of poisoned apple to dislodge from Snow White's throat, awakening her (in later adaptions of the tale, the Prince kisses Snow White, which brings her back to life). The Prince then declares his love for her, and soon a wedding is planned.
The vain Queen, still believing that Snow White is dead, again asks her magical mirror who is the fairest in the land. Yet again the mirror disappoints her by responding, "You, my Queen, are fair; it is true. But the young Queen is a thousand times fairer than you."
Not knowing that this new queen was indeed her stepdaughter, she arrives at the wedding, and her heart fills with the deepest of dread when she realizes the truth. As punishment for her wicked ways, a pair of heated iron shoes are brought forth with tongs and placed before the Queen. She is then forced to step into the iron shoes and to dance until she drops dead.[3]

Variations

In their first edition, the Brothers Grimm published the version they had first collected, in which the villain of the piece is Snow White's jealous mother. In a version sent to another folklorist prior to the first edition, additionally, she does not order a servant to take her to the woods, but takes her there herself to gather flowers and abandons her; in the first edition, this task was transferred to a servant.[4] It is believed that the change to a stepmother in later editions was to tone down the story for children.[5]
Disney's variation of Snow White gave the Dwarfs names and included magical, moving trees and a singing Snow White.

From other European traditions

Many other variations of the story exist across Europe. In some of these variations the dwarfs are robbers, while the magic mirror is a dialog with the sun or moon.[citation needed]
In a version from Albania, collected by Johann Georg von Hahn,[6] the main character lives with 40 dragons. Her sleep is caused by a ring. The beginning of the story has a twist, in that a teacher urges the heroine to kill her evil stepmother so that she would take her place. The origin of this tale is debated; it is likely no older than the Middle Ages. In fact there are possibly two Albanian versions of Snow White: one where her stepmother tries to kill her, and another where her two jealous sisters try to kill her. "The Jealous Sisters" is another Albanian fairy tale. In both fairy tales the death is caused by a ring.
  • Paralleling the stepmother's question of her magic mirror, the Indian epic poem Padmavat (1540) includes the line: "Who is more beautiful, I or Padmavati?, Queen Nagamati asks to her new parrot, and it gives a displeasing reply...";

Modern narratives

Modern variations of the story include Tanith Lee's short story "Red as Blood" (published in her story collection of the same title) and Neil Gaiman's short story "Snow, Glass, Apples".
Other writers who have made use of the theme include Donald Barthelme (in his novel Snow White), Gregory Maguire (in his novel Mirror Mirror), Jane Yolen (in her story "Snow in Summer," published in Black Swan, White Raven), Debra Doyle & James D. Macdonald (in their story "The Queen's Mirror," published in A Wizard's Dozen), Anne Sexton (in her poem "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," published in Transformations), Gail Carson Levine (in Fairest), and A. S. Byatt (in her essay "Ice, Snow, Glass," published in Mirror, Mirror on the Wall).{ And of course the modern film, Snow White and the Huntsman is also based on this fairytale.

Film and television

  • The comedy-horror-erotic adaptation of Grimms' Fairy Tales, Grimms Märchen von Lüsternen Pärchen (1969), presented Snow White among other characters of Grimm Tales.
  • 1980 animation film A Snow White Christmas shows an original interpretation where the Seven Dwarfs are replaced by the Seven Friendly Giants.
  • In 1987, ABC debuted a sitcom based on the home life of Snow White and Prince Charming called The Charmings. The characters found themselves transported from their Enchanted Forest home to the Los Angeles suburbs, where they tried to adapt to life in the modern world.
  • The 1987 fantasy film Snow White (starring Diana Rigg as the Wicked Queen and Sarah Patterson as Snow White) was released direct to video using the Cannon Movie Tale logo. Other fantasy films were released in the series. It is currently available on Region 1 DVD from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
  • Nippon Animation told the story of Snow White in four episodes of its 1987 TV series Grimm Meisaku Gekijo (released in English as Grimms' Fairy Tale Classics).
  • Filmation Studios produced a film called Happily Ever After in 1988, starring Irene Cara as Snow White. As if a sequel to the 1937 Disney film, Snow White meets with the Seven Dwarfelles, the dwarfs' cousins. Released theatrically in 1993, the film was commercially a failure; the company had planned to create more unauthorized sequels to Disney films.
  • The story is also adapted in the Japanese OVA, Super Mario's Snow White which King Koopa playing the role as the Evil Queen, Princess Peach as Snow White, Mario as her rescuer, and seven toads instead of seven dwarfs.
  • Snow White has a role in the videogame Kingdom Hearts where she is one of the Princesses of Heart kidnapped by Maleficent along with Kairi, Alice, Jasmine, Belle, Cinderella, and Aurora.
  • In 1994, the Tatsunoko animation studio adapted the story into a 52-episode TV series, Shirayuki-hime no Densetsu ("The Legend of Princess Snow White"), aired in Japan on NHK. Tatsunoko's production incorporated several "prelude" episodes emphasizing the romance between Snow White and her prince before launching into the story proper.
  • Also in 1994, an animated version entitled Snow White by Enchanted Tales was released by Sony as part of their Enchanted Tales Collection.
  • An adult film adapting the story is Biancaneve e i sette nani (1995) by Luca Damiano and starring Ludmilla Antonova.
  • A segment of the 2005 Turkish anthology film Istanbul Tales made up of five stories based on popular fairy tales is based on this tale where the daughter of a mobster meets the eighth dwarf in underground tunnels.
  • Another unofficial sequel of sorts was released in theaters in Belgium and France in January 2007: Blanche Neige, la suite (Snow White: The Sequel), an animated film for mature audiences. It was directed by Picha, who is known for his animated films of a sexually explicit nature.
  • in the mini series The 10th Kingdom, The series takes place years after Snow White's encounter with the Evil Queen and marrying her prince. The ghost of Snow White is played by Camryn Manheim who tells Virginia, who is a young woman from New York that she is destined to defeat the new Evil Queen and help her great grandson Henry White become king.
  • A present-day take on the story provides the setting for the 2011 ABC fantasy series Once Upon a Time, in which Emma Swan, the daughter of Snow White and Prince Charming, played by Jennifer Morrison, holds the key to breaking the curse on a small Maine town where everyone is a storybook character whose memories and happiness have been stripped away by the Evil Queen. Snow White is played by Ginnifer Goodwin, Prince Charming is played by Josh Dallas, and the Evil Queen is played by Lana Parrilla.

Music

  • In 1987, the French artist Mylène Farmer's song Tristana, is somehow a faithful adaptation of Snow White, in Russian version.
  • Japanese band Sound Horizon released a song titled "The Princess Sleeping in the Glass Coffin", retelling Snow White in their 7th Album "Marchen". In this version, Snow White laughs madly during the torturing of her stepmother, so the prince ends up regretting the marriage.

Theatre

The story of Snow White is a popular theme for British pantomime.
In some productions of the musical Into the Woods Snow White appears as the illicit love interest of one of the princes.
Snow White is the central character in the long running musical Beach Blanket Babylon, which has been performed since 1974 in San Francisco. Played by Jude Smith

Video games

  • Snow White: Happily Ever After (Super NES, 1994)
  • Snow White: The Veil of My Heart (PC, 1999)
  • Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Game Boy Color, 2001)
  • Kagami no Naka no Orgel: Futatsume no Monogatari - Snow White (PC, 2003)
  • Snow White and the 7 Clever Boys (PlayStation 2, 2006)
  • Snow White (iPhone, 2009)
  • Crazy Face: Snow White (iPhone, 2010)
  • Snow White StoryChimes Match Game (iPhone, 2010)
  • Hidden Objects - Snow White (iPhone/iPad, 2012)
Snow White is featured as a playable character in Fairytale Fights. She is shown in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep and makes a cameo appearance in the first Kingdom Hearts, voiced by Kurumi Kobato in Japanese and by Carolyn Gardner in English.

Theorized real-life influence

The “Talking Mirror” in the Spessart Museum in Lohr am Main
In 1986 Bartels, a German scholar, published an analysis suggesting that the folktale of Snow White was based upon Maria Sophia Margaretha Catherina von Erthal, who was born in Lohr am Main in 1729.[14] Like Snow White, Maria Sophia was a noble girl, but whereas the occupation of Snow White's father was unknown, Maria Sophia's father was director and senior administrator of the Lohr mirror firm and as such had the right to live in Lohr castle.[15] After the death of her birth mother in 1741, Maria Sophia’s father remarried in 1743. The stepmother, Claudia Elisabeth von Reichenstein, was domineering and employed her new position to the advantage of her children from her first marriage.[16] The dwarfs were reputed to have been working class iron ore miners who lived at Bieber, 33 km from Lohr and who, as a result of poverty and malnutrition in the area, were short of stature.[15]
A mirror referred to as “The Talking Mirror” can still be viewed today in the Spessart Museum in the Lohr Castle, where Maria Sophia was born. It was a product of the famous Lohr Mirror Manufacture (Kurmainzische Spiegelmanufaktur).[17]

Snow White and Rose Red

There is another Brothers Grimm tale called Snow White and Rose Red which also includes a character called Snow White. However, this Snow White is a completely separate character from the one found in this tale. The original German names are also different: Schneewittchen and Schneeweißchen. There is actually no difference in the meaning (both mean "snow white"), but the first name is more influenced by the dialects of Low Saxon while the second one is the standard German version, implying a class difference between the two Snow Whites.[citation needed]

Trademark

The Walt Disney Company currently has a trademark application pending with the US Patent and Trademark Office, filed November 19, 2008, for the name "Snow White" that would cover all live and recorded movie, television, radio, stage, computer, Internet, news, and photographic entertainment uses, except literature works of fiction and nonfiction.[18]

See also

Portal icon Children's literature portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Snow White
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

  1. ^ Heidi Anne Heiner. "Tales Similar to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  2. ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (Revise November 15, 2005). "Little Snow-White". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 23 September 2010. On-line English text
  3. ^ Comminfo.rutgers.edu
  4. ^ Kay Stone, "Three Transformations of Snow White" pp 57-58 James M. McGlathery, ed. The Brothers Grimm and Folktale, ISBN 0-252-01549-5
  5. ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p 36, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
  6. ^ J. G. v. Hahn (1864). Griechische und albanesische Märchen, Volume 2, "Schneewittchen", pp. 134–143. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
  7. ^ Pushkin, Alexander: "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights", Raduga Publishers, 1974
  8. ^ Terri Windling. "Snow, Glass, Apples: the story of Snow White".
  9. ^ "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  10. ^ Barrett, Annie. "Julia Roberts' Snow White movie titled 'Mirror, Mirror' | Inside Movies | EW.com". Insidemovies.ew.com. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
  11. ^ "Update: Relativity Confirms Julia Roberts In Snow White Pic". Deadline.com.
  12. ^ Breznican, Anthony (2011-03-26). "Armie Hammer cast as prince in 'Snow White'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
  13. ^ http://twitter.com/#!/UniversalPics/status/70279005827383298
  14. ^ Karlheinz Bartels: Schneewittchen – Zur Fabulologie des Spessarts. Lohr 1990, publisher: Reinhart von Toerne, ISBN 3-9800281-4-3; cf. an academic review by Theodor Ruf: Die Schöne aus dem Glassarg. Schneewittchens märchenhaftes und wirkliches Leben. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann, 1994, p. 12ff, 49ff; ISBN 3-88479-967-3
  15. ^ a b Summary of Bartel's analysis on a handout distributed by the Spressartmuseum, Schloßplatz 1, Lohr-am.Main, 2012
  16. ^ Werner Loibl, Schneewittchens herrische Stiefmutter (The domineering stepmother of Snow White), Lohrer Echo, 28.08.1992 with further references
  17. ^ Werner Loibl, Die kurmainzische Spiegelmanufaktur Lohr am Main in der Zeit Kurfürst Lothar Franz von Schönborn (1698-1729), p.277f, in the catalogue: Glück und Glas, Zur Kulturgeschichte des Spessarts, Munich, 1984; Loibl is the foremost expert in the history of 17th- and 18th-century glasshouses in Germany, according to Dedo von Kerssenbrock-Krosigk, Curator of European Glass at the Corning Museum of Glass (Corning, NY)
  18. ^ "US Patent and Trademark Office – Snow White trademark status". Retrieved March 25, 2010.
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